On April 9, 1865, Lee formally surrendered to Grant. After Lee fled Petersburg, Grant defeated him at Appomattox. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. In 1863 he led the Vicksburg campaign, which gained control of the Mississippi River. He joined the Union Army after the Civil War broke out in 1861 and rose to prominence after winning several early Union victories on the Western Theater.

Grant resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to his family but lived in poverty. In 1848, he married Julia Dent, and together they had four children. Admitted to West Point, Grant graduated 21st in the class of 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. Raised in Ohio, Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses. As Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as Secretary of War. As president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who created the Justice Department and worked with the Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant / ˈ h aɪ r ə m juː ˈ l ɪ s iː z/ HY-rəm yoo- LISS-eez April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.

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